What does the process of speciation refer to?

Speciation refers to the evolutionary process through which new distinct species develop from a common ancestor. This typically occurs when populations of the same species become reproductively isolated from each other, leading to divergent evolution. Over time, these populations accumulate genetic differences that can prevent them from interbreeding, even if they come back into contact. This process illustrates the mechanisms of evolution, such as natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation, and highlights the importance of reproductive barriers in creating diversity within ecosystems.

In contrast, extinction pertains to the complete disappearance of a species, adaptation involves changes within a species that enhance its survival in a specific environment without necessarily creating new species, and migration refers to the movement of species to different habitats rather than the creation of new species.